Of all the failures that allowed al Qaeda's attacks on Sept. 11, 2001,
to succeed, those of the FBI are the most egregious. Yet none of the commissions
or congressional committees investigating them has proposed more than platitudes
about the FBI's reforming itself. Blistering criticism has been abundant, but
not a single serious remedy has been demanded.
Meanwhile, evidence of the FBI's inability to reform continues to pile
up. It has botched its expensive programs for acquiring state-of-the-art
information technology systems. Its intelligence personnel still take a back
seat to its crime-fighters. The FBI's expanded role abroad has been more
disruptive than productive: Populating legal attaché offices in U.S. embassies,
usually with G-men, the bureau creates tensions with CIA stations and displays
its incompetence to foreign counterpart agencies.
A few members of the commission on weapons of mass destruction
belatedly seemed to realize that leaving counterintelligence responsibility
within the FBI was not a good idea. But they would still leave it in the Justice
Department, even if it were taken out of the FBI. That would be a fatal mistake.
It cannot be effective there.
The problem is systemic. No one can turn a law enforcement agency into
an effective intelligence agency. Police work and intelligence work don't mix.
The skills and organizational incentives for each are antithetical. One might
just as well expect baseball's Washington Nationals to win football's Super Bowl
as believe the FBI can become competent at intelligence work.
Consider the different organizational incentives. FBI officials want
arrests and convictions. They want media attention and lots of it. FBI
operatives want to make arrests, to "put the cuffs on" wrongdoers. They have
little patience for sustained surveillance of a suspect to gain more
intelligence. They prefer to gamble on an early arrest and an intimidating
interrogation that might gain a confession. To them, sharing intelligence is
anathema. Intelligence is something to be used, not shared. Getting the credit
is far more important than catching the spy or the terrorist.
Intelligence officials do not want public attention. They want to
remain anonymous. They do not need arrest authority. They want to follow spies
and terrorists secretly, allowing them to reveal their co-conspirators. Their
reward comes from providing intelligence to others, not hiding it. They are
quite happy to let the FBI make the arrests and take the credit.
There is, of course, an overlap between the two cultures: Gathering
sufficient evidence to make an arrest and prove guilt is common to both. But
counterintelligence agents tend to be more thorough, taking their time to
develop evidence both for trials and for operational use. They know that they
cannot let spies or terrorists get away without risking considerable danger to
the country. Cops worry much less that a criminal will get away. Criminals are
abundant and there are plenty more to arrest.
Spies and terrorists will almost always defeat police officers. Spies
and terrorists are normally backed by large state bureaucracies or non-state
organizations with abundant resources and worldwide operational support.
Criminals seldom are. Thus FBI techniques of recruiting "stoolies," tapping
phones and conducting rough interrogations often work with mobsters but not with
spies and terrorists.
In fact, if one looks closely at the FBI's record vis-a-vis Soviet
intelligence operatives throughout J. Edgar Hoover's reign, it is saturated with
disgraceful failures. The famous Venona file of decryptions of Soviet agents'
communications during the 1940s yielded more than 200 names of U.S. citizens. Of
those, the FBI was able (or willing) to follow and gain adequate evidence to
support the conviction of only two: Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. Scores of others
duped the FBI completely.
The only hope for improvement is the creation of a separate agency,
equal to the CIA and under the new director of national intelligence. Sometimes
called the "MI-5 solution," after the British example, it has been dismissed by
members of Congress who say that the American public will not tolerate a
"domestic spy agency." This is simply untrue. They have tolerated such an agency
for decades -- the FBI -- and it is not known for respecting Americans' civil
rights.
Congress celebrated passing the new intelligence reform law, pretending
that it will "fix" the Sept. 11 problems. It will not. At the same time,
Congress refused to do the single thing that could fix them: create a national
counterintelligence service.
The writer, a retired Army lieutenant general, is a senior fellow at
the Hudson Institute. He was director of the National Security Agency from 1985
to 1988.
